(1991) Articulatory Phonology and Sukuma aspirated nasals. In Dental and lateral clicks are sometimes called noisy, affricated, or pre-affricated (Roux 2007), while the (post-)alveolar is described as abrupt or unaffricated. Palatal clicks in Yeyi R41 are somewhat fricated (Fulop et al. 38(1): 825. are higher compared to Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. . Laboissiere Online publication date: January 2019. Figure 3.24 L. J. These, we argue, include complex lexicalizations consisting of a. (2011) Bantu Tone. , Shryock Brenzinger, M. (eds. South African Journal of African Languages Braver, A. 15(4): 196204. ), The Bantu Languages, 639651. ), Mixed Languages: 15 Case Studies in Language Intertwining, 215224. so an outline is given of the main characteristics of each separate group. (1997) Aspects of Yeyi Diachronic Phonology. Guthrie, M. Gunnink (2008) Click Cavity Formation and Dissolution in IsiXhosa: Viewing Clicks with High-Speed Ultrasound. Monaka, K. C. Jouannet, F. In (eds. Sowetan Zulu S42, too, has a reduced number of click consonants, likely due to contact with Southern Sotho S33 (Gunnink 2014). Recording courtesy of Constance Kutsch Lojenga. and (2002) describe it as an unreleased voiced palatal implosive [] before a voiceless stop or affricate, e.g., in [paka] moth. MRI scans indicate that this segment is appropriately viewed as a hyperarticulation of the vowel /i/. Downstep due to a floating Low tone is attested in Basaa A43a (Makasso et al. . (1999) The Phonetic Status of the Labial Flap. Paper presented at LSA Annual Meeting, January M. Moshi Moscow: Moscow University. Bantu languages, a group of some 500 languages belonging to the Bantoid subgroup of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. 11(2): 206223. (1992) tude du systeme vocalique fang par rsonance magntique. (2015) Downstep in Tswana (Southern Bantu). & Languages without tone do occur, e.g., Swahili G42, Mwiini G412, Nyakyusa M31, as do ones with more than two level tones, e.g., Kamba E55 and Oku (Grassfields Bantu) (Downing 2010, Hyman 2014). As is generally the case cross-linguistically, there are fewer nasal vowels than oral ones, at least in lexical stems. He argues that, in two of these languages, Kom and Oku, * raised to /u/ and *u became fricated, sometimes occurring with a schwa [] offglide (Faytak & Merrill 2014). ygis Chewa N31b and Tumbuka N21, for instance, do not have focus prosody (Downing 2016). , (eds. Belo Horizonte: CEFALA. & & Rous Elmslie, W. A. /, //) (Fulop et al. Nasal vowels are not particularly common in the Bantu languages, but are found in certain mostly western areas, for example in Ngungwel B72a of the Teke group (Paulian 1994), in Umbundu R11 (Schadeberg 1982), in Gyele A801 (Renaud 1976) and in a few words in the Bitam variety of Fang A75 (Medjo Mv 1997). Maddieson, I. Doke, C. M. Bantu peoples, the approximately 85 million speakers of the more than 500 distinct languages of the Bantu subgroup of the Niger-Congo language family, occupying almost the entire southern projection of the African continent. Wesi 28(2): 215239. Moore-Cantwell While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In the rest of this section, three of the particular issues of phonetic interest are discussed: the dental/alveolar place contrast, the possible occurrence of articulatorily complex consonants, and the nature of the so-called whistling fricatives. Longer sections of the chapter will be devoted to aspects of laryngeal action in consonants, to the description of clicks and their distribution in Bantu, and to some of the interesting aspects of nasality which occur in these languages. B. Bradfield, J. E. Figure 3.21 (PDF) Review of 'The Bantu Languages, second edition' Philology, Classical Edition Review of 'The Bantu Languages, second edition' Authors: Jenneke van der Wal Discover the world's. For instance, the number of High tones which may surface in a word or a stem may be limited to one and prominent peaks tend to occur in a predictable position, often the penult (Downing 2010). Muravjeva , In Changana S53, whistling fricatives occur with a rounded lip posture (Shosted 2011) rather than the narrowed lip posture seen in Shona S10, Kalanga S16 and Tsonga S53. M. Paris: Centre de Recherches, dEchanges et de Documentation Universitaire. The tongue surface appears as a curved white line. Maputo: Instituto Nacional do Desenvolvimento de Educao. (eds. (2010) Tongue Body and Tongue Root Shape Differences in Nuu Clicks Correlate with Phonotactic Patterns. (1995) On the Perception and Production of Tone in Xhosa. Y. Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association (Interspeech 2009), 22792282. T. (eds. Figure 3.25 Klner Afrikawissenschaftlichen Nachwuchstagung (KANT I), 119. & (2015) An Acoustic Study of Luganda Liquid Allophones. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. This is not surprising, as retracting the tongue root is more likely to pull the tongue back and down when the tongue body position is front. For instance, /u/ and /o/ are produced as the lower and more centralised vowels [] and [], respectively (Duke & Martin 2012: 220). M. For an ordinary pulmonic stop, peak pressure behind the closure ranges between about 5 and 20 hPa, depending on the loudness of the voice. The fragment marked B has voiceless oral airflow, with resonances similar to those of the following /a/ vowel. Downing, L. J. Lee-Kim, S.-I. ), Phonology and Phonetic Evidence, 168187. Kerremans, R. Pretoria: University of Pretoria, PhD dissertation. S. Miller, A. Monaka Source: Recording made by Peter Ladefoged in 1979 and archived at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive (. Miller, A. Voicing is continuous through the closure; upper and lower lines have been constructed on the figure linking respectively the positive and negative peaks in the waveform in order to dramatise the growing amplitude of the voicing during the closure. . (eds. & Abasheikh Here a pair of vowels in the front and a pair of vowel in the back have such low values of F1 that they are all appropriately considered to be high vowels. Cheucle, M. S. Figure 3.29 T. J. Guthrie, M. 1111-1120 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the School of Oriental and African Studies A. & London: University College, University of London, PhD dissertation. During this time, rarefaction is occurring. Sections 6-7). Yao P21 has a long/short contrast and significant compensatory lengthening so that vowels before prenasalised stops are as long as underlying long vowels and have more than double the duration of short vowels. (eds. (1990) Depression Without Depressors. S. J. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. M. In Focus in Bantu is often marked using morphosyntactic means rather than through the use of prosody (Downing & Hyman 2016, Downing & Rialland 2016b). Figure 3.13 In several areas earlier voiceless prenasalised stops have developed into voiceless nasals or related types of segments, including in Sukuma F21 (Maddieson 1991), Pokomo E71, Bondei G24 (Huffman & Hinnebusch 1998), Kalanga S16 (Mathangwane 1998) and Rwanda JD61 (Demolin & Delvaux 2001). PDF To appear in The Oxford Guide to the Bantu Languages The article of Paulian (1994) does include a few words with short nasalised vowels in stems, but these may be misprints. The Bantu verb consists of a root that can be accompanied by affixes with various lexical and grammatical functions. N. (1993) Splitting the Mora. ), Advances in African Linguistics, 265280. Roux, J. C. Grahamstown: Department of African Languages, Rhodes University. & Expansion of the closed cavity causes the pressure in the air inside the space to be reduced well below that of the air outside the mouth. Diemer It is noteworthy that none of the Bantu languages of East Africa appear to have acquired clicks from the surviving or former languages of this area with clicks (Maddieson et al. ), Selected Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 119129. The majority of Bantu languages with some notable exceptions, particularly in the North-West have simple-looking systems of five or seven vowels in which the expected relationships between the features of vowel height, backness and rounding hold. This type of segment might well be described as an aspirated voiceless nasal. C. J. P. , INTRODUCTION: Phonetics and Phonology in Bantu (2017) How Do You Whisper a Click? (1998) Phonetic Assessment of Tone Spreading. Jenks University of California, Berkeley. Bloomington: Indiana University, PhD. (1997) Formant Structure of Standard KiSwahili Vowels. Rialland D. Note particularly the slope of a line connecting the back vowels which points roughly to the position of the central vowel /a/, similar to that seen in C. & Like most linguistic maps, this map represents a somewhat fictitious ethnographic idealisation not corresponding precisely with any exact time or population distribution. , Examples are given in & (1959) A Grammar of Northern Transvaal Ndebele. & Journal of the International Phonetic Association (1985) On aspiration in Swahili: Hypotheses, Field Observations and an Instrumental Analysis. , Brugman The next lower vowels are markedly lower. /) as well as glottalised and ejected clicks (e.g., / Africana Linguistica . Biesele (1986) Compensatory Lengthening and Consonant Gemination in Luganda. Figure 3.3 Davey, A. It has even been used for those which may simply block a raising or high-tone spreading process. In , Yoder I. 55: 119148. (2009b) Rarefaction Gestures and Coarticulation in Mangetti Dune !Xung clicks. Aspiration is a contrastive property of voiceless stops (and affricates) in some languages where it is often a reflex of an earlier voiceless prenasalised stop (cf. (1976) Question Formation in Some Bantu Languages. Khumalo (1999) Ikalanga Phonetics and Phonology: A Synchronic and Diachronic Study. . There is evidence for post-nasal fortition rather than devoicing in the Ngwato S31c variety (Gouskova et al. Nurse, D. (ed. In A wide range of means of marking question prosody have been noted for Bantu languages. Journal of West African Languages Figure 3.24 & Another nine-vowel Bantu language is Liko D201 (De Wit 2015: 45). When speakers of these languages come to The distribution seen in Xhosa S41 or Swahili G42 is similar to that most typically found cross-linguistically in five-vowel systems transcribed /i e a o u/, such as Spanish, Hadza or Hawaiian. Paper presented at West African Phonology Group, London, 28th April, 2011. Volume 3: A Catalogue of Common Bantu with Commentary. Riera Introduction This chapter will describe some of the major phonetic characteristics of the (Narrow) Bantu languages based on first-hand familiarity with some of them and a reading of available literature. Then, explain how language has been a unifying or divisive force for each group. Harare: University of Zimbabwe. Haacke, W. H. G. Figure 3.2 Acoustic Correlates of Click Voicing in Whispered Speech. The Kalanga S16 vowel pairs transcribed /i e/ and /u o/, which are acoustically equally as high as the Vove B305 pairs, differ in both F1 and F2. Cole, J. S. 26(2): 235254. (eds.) Anecdotally, it seems that clicks in other Bantu languages may also vary in amplitude, depending on the individual speaker, stylistic or sociphonetic variables, and prosodic environment. Scott Another special laryngeal action occurs in the depressor consonants which are characteristic of certain Bantu languages of the Eastern and Southern regions. . (1998) The Phonetic Nature of voiceless Nasals in Pokomo: Implications for Sound Change. The Classification of the Bantu Languages. halshs-02504383 %RVWRHQ .RHQ 0DUN 9DQ GH 9HOGH ,QWURGXFWLRQ ,Q 9DQ GH 9HOGH 0DUN .RHQ %RVWRHQ 'HUHN 1XUVH *pUDUG 3KLOLSSVRQ HGV 7KH %DQWX /DQJXDJHV QG (GLWLRQ >5RXWOHGJH Sands K. & P. Miscellanea Phonetica Yeyi R41 has eight different accompaniments (Fulop et al. The ATR/RTR contrast in Nande JD42 is also suggested by the harmonic behaviour and acoustic characteristics of vowels. Summary. who has little or no knowledge of the Bantu languages with enough information to adequately understand the subsequent acquisition chapters. Source: Mid-sagittal MRI scans of isolated vowels, made available by Didier Demolin. London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute (IAI). (1995) Spirantization and the 7-to-5 Vowel Merger in Bantu. Fuchs Comparison of selected vowel and consonants lengths in Ganda JE15 and Sukuma F21 (see text for explanation). Hammarstrm The possible variations are thus very numerous, and many different categories of individual clicks are found when all the languages which use them are considered (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996). 36(2): 193232. Pienaar Campbell Africana Linguistica , & The basic click mechanism does not determine what the larynx is doing while these movements are taking place in the oral cavity, nor whether the velum itself is raised or lowered to block or permit air from the lungs to flow out through the nose. ), Le kinyarwanda (langue bantu du Rwanda): tudes linguistiques, 5573. Each point represents the mean of six measurements, three of isolated vowel tokens, plus three tokens in final vowels in /alV/ nonsense words. The functional load of clicks varies across languages, as detailed in Pakendorf et al. (2010) Coproduction and Coarticulation in IsiZulu Clicks. Idiatov (1988) Speaker Variation and Phonation Type in Tsonga. & Figure 3.2 (1974) Introduction to the Speech Sounds and Speech Sound Changes of Tsonga. (2014) Clicks, Concurrency and Khoisan. 2002, Malambe 2015), but Dogil and Roux (1996) argue that ejectives and clicks in Xhosa S41 are more resistant to coarticulation than other consonants. In The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (ed. I. Mickey | Privacy policy ISBN: Chapter 3 is about the sounds of Bantu languages. (2007) Tongue Body Constriction Differences in Click Types. Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation, 885889. . Though cross-linguistically rare, clicks are used by millions of people speaking various Bantu languages. Monakas detailed study combines acoustic data with data about larynx height and vocal fold vibrations obtained using a laryngograph. Ndendeule N101 has no long vowels and no lengthening. E. D. This is the mean across three speakers, two male and one female. (2014) The Grammatical Structure of Sowetan Tsotsitaal. Bresch EPG frames of a lateral click spoken by a male Zulu S42 speaker. Meinhof, C. Equally, voiced segments such as nasals and approximants may contrast in depression (Traill & Jackson 1988, Wright & Shryock 1993, Mathangwane 1998). Gunnink, H. 2015). This gesture may become associated with any class of consonants and thus is capable of becoming itself an independent phonological entity deployed for grammatical effect as in the depression without depressors described by Traill (1990). For example, Myers (1999b) shows that syntactically unmarked yes/no questions are characterised by a slower rate of pitch declination than statements. A. Nathan Bolzano: Bozen-Bolzano University Press. M. Western Bantu Tradition and The Notion of Tradition & Ultrasound images of Nande JD42 vowels a) ATR /e/ b) RTR /e/, taken along the mid-sagittal plane. (2002) Phonetic Characteristics of an Unexploded Palatal Implosive in Hendo. 2014:165). Bostoen, K. In Bemba M42, however, new information focus is indicated on a subject by its placement in post-verbal position and by pitch raising of the pre-focus constituent (Kula & Hamann 2016). 15(4): 186191. (2014) How to Study a Tone Language, with Exemplification from Oku (Grassfields Bantu, Cameroon). Oxford; Cambridge: Blackwell. Glasgow: University of Glasgow, retrieved from. Voiced stops tend to be made with a downward movement of the larynx, presumably to help sustain voicing (Monaka 2001). Niesler, T. Figure 3.2 , (1932) Outlines of a Tswa Grammar with Practical Exercises. The Bantu Languages, 2019. Kolossa Makasso, E.-M. Figure 3.1 Fragment C is the voiced portion of the vowel /a/. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics & They form the largest branch of the Southern Bantoid languages.. M. 2005, Allwood et al. In Hyman See Proctor et al. and Using data from these sources, ), Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. (2016) Tone and Vowel Length in Fwe (Bantu, K402). 32(1): 97111. & Naidoo 2007), which is auditorily reminiscent of a lateral click. In Figure 3.25 & Figure 3.17 The pharyngealised vowel is longer than the plain vowel, which reflects the origin of the pharyngealisation from a reduced velar stops in C2 position in roots of the shape C1VC2V (Duke & Martin 2012: 220). Maddieson, I. Carstens, V. Fwe has four accompaniments including a voiceless nasal accompaniment (Gunnink forthcoming) not known to occur in any other Bantu language. , and attributable to the fact that F1 and F2 frequencies co-vary in these vowels. Journal of Phonetics MALCOLM The Classification of the Bantu Languages. Press; London, New Figure 3.31 In Mbukushu K333, the one series of clicks is reported to be pronounced either as dental, palatal or [post-]alveolar sounds (Fisch 1998). (2013) Dissimilation by Surface Correspondence in Aghem Velarized Diphthongs. 59: 150179. E. D. An alternation of some kind is probably to be reconstructed to an early stage, possible even pre-Bantu.