describe how epidemiological data influences changes in health practices describe how epidemiological data influences changes in health practices

Although engaging stakeholders, such as other public health agencies, community partners, industry leaders, affected businesses, healthcare practitioners, customers, and regulatory agencies, early in an investigation is time-consuming, including them is essential. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Do participants have access to phones, mailing addresses, or computers? Local, national, and global health threats are monitored by agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), The importance of developing a protocol, identifying roles and responsibilities of team members, and documenting all activities and processes should not be underestimated. Date of onset of 185 cases of dengue in a fishing port: Guangdong Province, China, 2007. Differentiate them with labels, legends, or keys. On the opposite end of the scale, injuries and acute poisonings have instantaneous and obvious onsets. Use six or fewer tick mark labels on the axes. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Avoid using dividing lines, grids, and other embellishments within the data space. Good sample selection can help improve generalizability of results and ensure sufficient numbers of study participants. Epidemiological research In field investigations, tradeoffs exist between these attributes; for example, a more timely collection of data might lead to lower quality data, fewer resources might mean less complete data, and retrospective analysis of preexisting data might be more cost-effective, although prospective data collection from case-patients might enable more targeted questions about specific exposures. Rather than increase to a peak, however, this type of epidemic curve has a plateau. Such changes range from laboratories moving to nonculture diagnostic methods for isolating infectious pathogens, which decreases the epidemiologists ability to link cases spread out in space and time, to increasing use of social media to communicate, which limits response rates from time-honored methods of data collection, such as landline telephones. Like Tweet +1 Click icon to see a sample Essay Format & Features Always check whether data sources are providing incident (new events among the population) or prevalent (an existing event at a specific point in time) cases. Wednesday 10 Many investigation activities must be conducted in parallel and are interdependent and iterative, with results informing edits or amendments. < Previous Chapter 3: Conducting a Field Investigation, Next Chapter 5: Using Technologies for Data Collection and Management >. Coordination of epidemiologic studies (e.g., common methods, questionnaires), having a national database of PFGE patterns to identify outbreak-associated isolates, and an FDA product trace-back were key to identifying the cause, which resulted in a widespread product recall (and eventual criminal liability of the peanut butter producer). Statistics/Nursing - Describe how epidemiological data Describe how epidemiological data influences changes in health Use the smallest possible administrative area that the numerator and denominator will allow. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Greenwood M.Epidemics and crowd-diseases: an introduction to the study of epidemiology, Oxford University Press; 1935. Public Health Response: The broad scope of the outbreak and severity of illness required coordination of data collection across jurisdictions and use of multiple data sources to identify a common source. The underlying epidemiologic process might produce disease distributions within and among social groupings that range from strong aggregation to randomness or uniformity. Home > Homework Answsers > Nursing homework help. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. For example, a plot of the days between contact with a SARS patient and onset of SARS in the person having contact indicates an approximation of the incubation period (Figure 6.8) (5). Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. On an arithmetic scale, represent equal numerical units with equal distances on an axis. Keep keys, legends, markers, and other annotations out of the data space. Responding to urgent public health issues expeditiously requires balancing the speed of response with the need for accurate data and information to support the implementation of control measures. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. Describe how epidemiological data influences changes in health practices. This reveals that factor and that an environmental exposure also related to low altitude (e.g., poor drainage of sewage) might have contributed to cholera incidence. Solved Describe how epidemiological data influences changes The range of public health control measures is broad (see Chapter 11). The last three questions are assessed as patterns of these data in terms of time, place, and person. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. This will save time in the long run; many epidemiologists have learned the hard way that a survey question was not clear or was asking about more than one concept, or that the menu of answers was missing a key response category. Age-adjusted rates can be used for comparing populations from different areas, from the same area at different times, and among other characteristics (e.g., ethnicity or socioeconomic status). The background rate generally is determined by accessing existing data sources, such as reportable disease registries or vital statistics. Write questions that are clear and use vocabulary understandable to the study population and that contain only one concept. The line-listing in Table 6.1 has been sorted by days between vaccination and onset to reveal the pattern of this important timeevent association. Many of these data sources are promising in theory, and epidemiologists are busy evaluating their utility in outbreak detection and case identification. Official websites use .gov Therefore, writing a protocol before embarking on any data collection is paramount. Epidemiological data plays a vital role in influencing changes in health practices. mosquitoes was identified in northeastern Brazil. Sensitivity of questions. Provide an example and explain what data would be necessary to make a change in Although field epidemiologic investigations of an urgent public health problem are legally considered to be public health practice and not research (. Data collection procedures, variables to be collected, procedures to safeguard participants. Minimize frames, gridlines, and tick marks (610/axis is sufficient) to avoid interference with the data. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Is the objective to identify specific behaviors that put people at increased risk (e.g., cross-contamination during food handling)? Basic epidemiologic methods tend to rely on careful observation and use of valid comparison groups to assess whether what was observed, such as the number of cases of disease in a particular area during a particular time period or the frequency of an exposure among persons with disease, differs from what might be expected. Describe how epidemiological data influences changes in health practices. The application period for EIS Class of 2024 is now open through June 5, 2023. We take your privacy seriously. Generally, government public health agencies have the authority to access healthcare system data (with justification). In this example, nearly every peak of rainfall precedes a peak in leptospirosis, supporting the hypothesis regarding the importance of water and mud in transmission. Days (2-day intervals) between onset of a case of severe acute respiratory syndrome and onset of the corresponding source case: Beijing, China, MarchApril 2003. Control measures targeting the larva and adults of the mosquito vectors Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus began late in the first generation. For foodborne outbreaks, most states and local jurisdictions publish data at least annually; however, for chronic diseases (e.g., cancer) or birth outcomes (e.g., microcephaly), expected baseline rates might have to be extrapolated by applying previously published rates to the population of concern. Ideally, the findings provide sufficient evidence to direct prompt and effective public health control and prevention measures. Indicate the data range in the legend; do not leave it open-ended. Epidemiology is concerned with the frequency and pattern of health events in a population: Frequency refers not only to the number of health events such as the number of cases of meningitis or diabetes in a population, but also to the relationship of that number to the size of the population. Close-ended questions usually are used for outbreak investigations. Cases are customarily organized in a table called a line-listing (Table 6.1) (2). This can be as simple as finding that a health event is affecting only a limited age group or as complicated as comparing age-specific rates among multiple groups. Often, this will follow a biologically determined interval. A statistical data display should include, at a minimum, F, female; M, male. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Among 9,422 blood lead tests conducted during April 2013March 2016, 284 (3.0%) BLLs were 5 g/dL or higher; the probability of having BLLs of 5 g/dL or greater was 46% higher during the period after the switch from Detroit Water Authority to FWS than before the switch to FWS. Moreover, with slowly developing health conditions, a discernable onset might not exist. This means that the results of such a study may be quite different from a study in which actual hearing (audiometric) tests are administered to each person in a household. NRS-440V Week 5 Assignment Combining Nurse Leader With Advocacy. New York: Oxford University Press; 2001. p. 61. The rapid increase, plateau, and precipitous downslope all appeared with a salmonellosis outbreak from cheese distributed to multiple restaurants and then recalled (Figure 6.5). In arranging analytical tables, you should begin with the arrangement of the data space by following a simple set of guidelines (Box 6.3) (1). Epidemiology is an area that plays a vital role in the classification of health status, the detection of risk This expected or target case count is now corrected for the population and can be compared with the actual observed case counts. Outbreaks can arise from common sources that continue over time. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 (31) has specific language allowing for the use of personal health information by government agencies to perform public health activities. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Certain sensitive topics (e.g., sexual behaviors) might be better for a self-administered survey than a phone survey. Take-Home Point: This outbreak involved many jurisdictions and evolved over a several months. Arthropod populations can grow explosively and can decline even more rapidly. But in the 1960's a possible role for epidemiology in the study of clinical practice emerged. Describing Epidemiologic Data | Epidemic Intelligence Service | CDC In creating epidemiologic maps, you should follow certain basic guidelines (Box 6.9). Secular trends of invasive cervical cancer (Figure 6.11) reveal steady decreases over 37 years (11). Thus, incidence divided by an appropriate estimation of the population yields several versions of incidence rates. Describe how epidemiological data influences changes Answered: Describe how epidemiological data | bartleby The disease or health condition onset time is the preferred statistic for studying time patterns. For example, when a patient with diarrheal disease presents, both are interested in establishing the correct diagnosis. As an alternative to plotting onset by calendar time, plotting the time between suspected exposures and onset can help you understand the epidemiologic situation. Equal rates of change in time (e.g., a 10% decrease/year) will yield misleading, divergent lines on an arithmetic plot; a logarithmic scale will yield parallel lines. A field investigation protocol does not have to be long, but it must include the following: Identifying up front which software package(s) will be used for questionnaire development, data collection, data entry, and analysis also is useful. A mixed mode of survey administration (e.g., mailed survey with phone follow-up) might be less expensive to conduct than a phone-only survey, but it also increases study complexity. of clinical epidemiology in medical practice To make the proper diagnosis and prescribe appropriate treatment for a patient, the clinician combines medical (scientific) knowledge with experience, clinical judgment, and understanding of the patient. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Many of the steps to conducting a field investigation rely on identifying relevant existing data or collecting new data that address the key investigation objectives. The line indicates the rapid decrease in Aedes-infested houses (house index). For instance, an epidemiological study may collect data on the number of people who answer, Yes when asked if someone in their household has trouble hearing. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Rate yourself using This chapter focuses on the collection of quantitative data (see Chapter 10 for qualitative data collection). Use separate, equally scaled epidemic curves to indicate different groups. When starting data entry, check several records against the completed survey instrument for accuracy and consider double data entry of a sample of surveys to check for errors. First, epidemiology is a quantitative discipline that relies on a working knowledge of probability, statistics, and sound research methods. Solved Describe how epidemiological data influences changes Take-Home Points: Internet-based surveys permit efficient data collection but should be designed to maximize complete responses. Your analytic findings must explain the observed patterns by time, place, and person. Mark on a map the residences of all children born with birth defects within 2 miles of a hazardous waste site, ____ 4. Dot and box-and-whisker charts are plotted against a numeric scale and thus do not need a zero level. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. WebEpidemiological data influences changes in healthcare practices by allowing researchers to explore certain populations and determine distribution and determinants of health, to initiateinformed decisions about the control of health problems (Hannaford & Information about place of affected persons might include residence, workplace, school, recreation site, other relevant locales, or movement between fixed geographic points. - Epidemiologists and nurse researchers use descriptive, analytic, and Considering all the different elements of an investigation from the beginning will minimize error that potentially can lead to inconclusive results. Mailed and Internet surveys traditionally yield lower response rates than phone surveys; however, response rate for phone surveys also has declined during the past decade (. Clearly indicate scale divisions and scaling units. Conversely, many new sources of data are opportunities made possible by the expanded use of computer technology by individuals, businesses, and health systems. Exposure to lead has significant adverse health effects (e.g., developmental delays) particularly for young children with developing brains. HLT-362V DQ 5 12 .docx - Describe how epidemiological data Provide an example and explain what data would be necessary to make a change in practice. The outbreak grew to involve 714 case-patients in 46 states; 166 (23%) were hospitalized and 9 (1%) died. Match the term to the activity that best describes it. The definition of a disorder also tends to change over time, however, making estimates more difficult. First, determining rates is more often necessary than for time and place. Epidemiology is not just the study of health in a population; it also involves applying the knowledge gained by the studies to community-based practice. However, sometimes the population is unknown, costly to determine, or even inappropriate. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. In addition, maps display a wealth of underlying detail to compare against disease distributions. 12/29/2021 Biology High School answered describe how epidemiological data influences changes in health practices. See answer Advertisement ah6129783 Data influences changes in health practices provide a Advertisement Advertisement Therefore, the clinician and the epidemiologist have different responsibilities when faced with a person with illness. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. It reveals the location of the first case in the business district and the large initial cluster surrounding it (Figure 6.13) (14). In 1951, the first conference of state epidemiologists determined which diseases should be nationally notifiable to the Public Health Service and later to CDC. Time has special importance in interpreting epidemiologic data in that the initial exposure to a causative agent must precede disease. The continuing common source epidemic curve will increase sharply, similar to a point source. Examples of clinical data sources include medical record abstraction, hospital discharge data (e.g., for cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome) (15), syndromic surveillance systems (16) (e.g., for bloody diarrhea during an Shiga toxinproducing Escherichia coli outbreak) (17), poison control center calls (e.g., exposure to white powder during anthrax-related events) (18), and school and work absenteeism records (e.g., New York City school absenteeism in students traveling to Mexico at the beginning of the influenza A[H1N1] pandemic) (19). By law, most states require laboratories that identify causative agents of notifiable diseases to send case information electronically to state public health agencies. Plotting only numerators loses the advantage of both the spot map (indicating exact location and detailed background features) and the area map (indicating rates). Use an overlaid line graph, labels, markers, and reference lines to indicate suspected exposures, interventions, special cases, or other key features. WebEpidemiological research has been carried out traditionally in the field on non-clinical populations and has sought to reveal the aetiology of disease. Contact between severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) cases among a group of relatives and health care workers: Beijing, China, 2003. Epidemiological data play an important role in healthcare Saving Lives, Protecting People, Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice, Third Edition, National Center for State, Tribal, Local, and Territorial Public Health Infrastructure and Workforce, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, ____ 1. The observed pattern might represent variability in the distribution of the underlying population. A moving average line underlying the data markers. This arrangement facilitates sorting to reorganize cases by relevant characteristics. Recognizing disease patterns by personal attributes (e.g., age, sex, education, income, or immunization status) constitutes the fifth element in descriptive epidemiology. For these larger areas, stratifying the epidemic curves by smaller subunits can reveal the underlying periodicity. Norovirus (GII) infection was confirmed as the causative agent. Although it is logical to believe that a field investigation of an urgent public health problem should roll out sequentiallyfirst identification of study objectives, followed by questionnaire development; data collection, analysis, and interpretation; and implementation of control measuresin reality many of these activities must be conducted in parallel, with information gathered from one part of the investigation informing the approach to another part. A title that includes the what, where, and when that identifies the data it introduces. Instructions for recruiting and enrolling participants in the survey, including obtaining consent for participation. For incident cases, specify the period during which the cases occurred. Response rate. Let's take Pattern refers to the occurrence of health-related events by time, place, and person. During the 2016 epidemic of Zika virus infection, understanding the ecologic niche for the Aedes mosquito vector was important when investigating an increase in febrile rash illnesses (Box 4.2) (12). Provide an example and explain what data would be necessary to make a change in practice. bDays from vaccine dose to illness onset The predominant survey conducted in all states is the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a random-digit dialed household survey of noninstitutionalized US adults. Important changes that are remaking the field of epidemiology and will ultimately influence all aspects of medical practice include the following: high-throughput laboratory subtyping of isolates (i.e., PFGE) identified outbreak-associated cases across multiple jurisdictions. The field epidemiologist must understand the characteristics of the study population and their ability and willingness to respond to various survey methods (e.g., access computers and Internet-based surveys). To determine the most efficient means of collecting data, epidemiologists administered a questionnaire using Internet-and telephone-based interview methods to directly compare data regarding response rates, attack rates, and risk factors for illness. An analysis of BMI by age from Ajloun and Jerash Governorates, Jordan, draws attention to increasing BMI and accumulating overweight prevalence for persons aged 1875 years (Table 6.3) (Ajloun Non-Communicable Disease Project, Jordan, unpublished data, 2017). When the agent is unknown, the time interval between presumed exposures and onset of symptoms helps in hypothesizing the etiology. This demonstrates how review of secular trends can bring attention to key events, improvements in control, changes in policy, sociologic phenomena, or other factors that have modified the epidemiology of a disease. Cases of jaundice, by week of onset: Jafr, Maan Governorate, Jordan,June October 1999.